Anupom Nath:
{{অনুবাদ চলছে}}{{তথ্যছক পারমাণবিক অস্ত্র পরীক্ষা|name=জো ৪<br/>”আরডিএস ৬এস”|picture=|picture_description=|country=[[সোভিয়েত ইউনিয়ন]]|test_site=[[সেমিপালাতিন্সক পরীক্ষার সাইট]], [[কাজাখ এসএসআর]]|period=আগস্ট ১৯৫৩|number_of_tests=১|test_type=[[পরমাণু অস্ত্র পরীক্ষা#ধরণ|বায়ুমণ্ডলীয় পরীক্ষা]]|device_type=ফিউশন|max_yield=মোট ফলন {{convert|৪০০|ktonTNT|lk=in}}|previous_test=”[[আরডিএস-৩]]”|next_test=”[[আরডিএস-৪]]”}}”’জো ৪”’ ছিল ১২ আগস্ট, ১৯৫৩ সালে একটি থার্মোনিউক্লিয়ার অস্ত্রের প্রথম [[সোভিয়েত ইউনিয়ন|সোভিয়েত]] পরীক্ষার জন্য একটি আমেরিকান ডাকনাম, যা ৪০০ কিলোটন [[ট্রাইনাইট্রোটলুইন|TNT]] এর সমতুল্য শক্তি দিয়ে বিস্ফোরিত হয়েছিল। ওয়ারহেডের জন্য সঠিক সোভিয়েত পরিভাষা ছিল RDS-6s ,<span style=”white-space: nowrap;”> </span><nowiki>'</nowiki> <span>স্পেশাল জেট ইঞ্জিন</span> '।
আরডিএস-৬ এমন একটি স্কিম ব্যবহার করেছিল যেখানে [[নিউক্লীয় বিভাজন|ফিশন]] এবং [[কেন্দ্রীণ সংযোজন|ফিউশন]] জ্বালানী ( লিথিয়াম-6 ডিউটারাইড ) ছিল ” স্তরযুক্ত “, একটি নকশা যা ””’স্লোইকা””’ ( {{Lang-ru|Слойка|links=no}} নামে পরিচিত।
, সোভিয়েত ইউনিয়নের এক ধরণের স্তরযুক্ত পাফ প্যাস্ট্রি) মডেলের নামে নামকরণ করা হয়েছে। ফিউশন এবং ফিশনের সংমিশ্রণে বিস্ফোরক শক্তিতে দশগুণ বৃদ্ধি পাওয়া যায়। একটি অনুরূপ নকশা এর আগে [[এডওয়ার্ড টেলার]] দ্বারা তাত্ত্বিক ছিল, কিন্তু ” অ্যালার্ম ঘড়ি ” হিসাবে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে কখনও পরীক্ষা করা হয়নি। {{Sfn|Rhodes|1995}}
[[Category:Articles containing Russian-language text]]
==ইতিহাস==
The Soviet Union started studies of advanced nuclear bombs and a hydrogen bomb, code named RDS-6, in June 1948. The studies would be done by [[KB-11]] (usually referred to as [[Arzamas-16]], the name of the town) and [[Lebedev Physical Institute|FIAN]].
The first hydrogen bomb design was the Truba ({{lang-ru|Труба}}, pipe/cylinder) (RDS-6t)).{{sfn|Goncharov|1996|p=1040}}{{sfn|Richelson|2007|p=100-101}} In March 1948 [[Klaus Fuchs]] had provided the USSR with documents of the US [[History of the Teller–Ulam design#Teller.27s .22Super.22|’Classical Super’]]. In these documents the classical super was described as consisting of a gun-type Uranium-235 primary with beryllium oxide tamper and a secondary consisting of a long cylinder with deuterium, doped with tritium near the primary.{{sfn|Goncharov|1996|p=1037}} The design of the RDS-6t was similar to this classical super. The difference was that the light shell of beryllium oxide was replaced by a heavy shell.{{sfn|Goncharov|1996|p=1040}} The assumption was that the deuterium tritium mixture could be easily heated and compressed and the shock would start the thermonuclear reaction prematurely. A heavy shell opaque to radiation would prevent this unwanted preheating more than the light shell.{{cn|date=August 2020}}
In September / October 1948 [[Andrei Sakharov]], working in FIAN, came up with a competing idea of alternating layers of deuterium and Uranium-238 around a fissile core (Sakharov’s ‘first idea’).{{sfn|Holloway|1991|p=37}}{{sfn|Goncharov|1996|p=1038}} This second design was code named Sloika (RDS-6s) or ‘Layer Cake’ after the layering.{{sfn|Zaloga|2002}} In March 1949 [[Vitaly Ginzburg]] proposed to replace the deuterium by Lithium-6 deuteride (‘second idea’).{{sfn|Holloway|1991|p=37}}{{sfn|Goncharov|1996|p=1039}} The proposal was based on the better efficiency due to the generation of tritium by the neutron capture of lithium and the Uranium-238 fission by the 14 MeV neutrons from D + T fusion. At that time Ginzburg did not know that the cross section for D + T reaction was much larger than that for D + D reaction. In April 1949 the group received D + T cross section data obtained from intelligence gathering without mentioning the source. The large advantage of lithium deuteride became evident and the deuterium design was abandoned. Both the ‘first’ and ‘second’ idea were used in the RDS-6s. The result was similar to the US ‘Alarm Clock’, but there is no indication that the Soviets were aware of the concept of the ‘Alarm Clock’.{{sfn|Holloway|1991|p=37}}
After the United States tested [[Ivy_Mike|Mike]] in November 1952, [[Lavrentiy Beria]] sent a memo to spare no effort on the development of the RDS-6s. In the final development report from June 1953 the yield was estimated at 300 +/- 100 kilotons.{{cn|date=August 2020}}
The RDS-6s was tested on August 12, 1953 (Joe 4). The measured yield was 400 kilotons, 10% from fission of the Uranium-235 core, 15-20% from fusion and 70 – 75% from fission of the Uranium-238 layers.<ref name=”nwa”>{{cite web |url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Russia/Sovwpnprog.html |title=The Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program }}</ref>
After the successful test Sakharov proposed a more powerful version of the RDS-6s, code named RDS-6sD.<ref name=”wcda”>{{cite web|url=http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/118805|title=To Comrade A.P Zaveniagin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811031921/http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/118805|archive-date=August 11, 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Goncharov|1996|p=1041}}{{sfn|Zaloga|2002}} Attempts to increase the yield of the RDS-6s however proved unfeasible.
In December 1953 all research on the RDS-6t was also stopped after it was proven that thermonuclear ignition was not possible in the RDS-6t. Both the RDS-6s and the RDS-6t were dead ends and research focused again on a two-stage thermonuclear weapon.{{cn|date=August 2020}}
A variant of the RDS-6s was developed later, code named RDS-27. The difference between the RDS-6s and the RDS-27 was that the RDS-27 did not use tritium.{{sfn|Goncharov|1996|p=1042}} This improved the operational usefulness of the RDS-27, but reduced the yield from 400 kilotons to 250 kilotons. The RDS-27 was intended as a warhead for the [[R-7 Semyorka|R-7]] ICBM.<ref name=”wcda”/>{{sfn|Zaloga|2002}} The RDS-27 was tested November 6, 1955 (Joe 18).<ref name=”Johnston”>{{cite web |url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/tests/USSR-ntests1.html|title=Database of nuclear tests, USSR: part 1, 1949-1963}}</ref>
Despite the inability of the RDS-6s to be scaled into the megaton range, the detonation was still used by Soviet diplomats as leverage. The Soviets claimed that they too had a hydrogen bomb, but unlike the United States’ first thermonuclear weapon, theirs was deployable by air. The United States didn’t develop a deployable version of the hydrogen bomb until 1954.{{cn|date=August 2020}}
The first Soviet test of a “true” hydrogen bomb was on November 22, 1955 under the directive of [[Nikolai Bulganin]] (influenced by [[Nikita Khrushchev]]), code-named [[RDS-37]].{{sfn|Kort|1998|pp=187-188}} All were at [[Semipalatinsk Test Site]], [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]]. Like RDS-6, it was a “dry” weapon, using lithium-6 deuteride instead of liquid deuterium.{{cn|date=August 2020}}
==তথ্যসূত্র==
{{সূত্র তালিকা}}
==বহিঃসংযোগ==
*[http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Russia/index.html Soviet and Nuclear Weapons History]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070716171251/http://www.atomicforum.org/russia/russiaweapons.html Soviet/Russian Nuclear Arsenal]
* Video footage of the [https://archive.today/20130202181122/http://www.sonicbomb.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=106 Joe-4 Nuclear Test]
* [[Nikolai Bulganin]]
{{coord|50|26|16|N|77|48|51|E|display=title}}
[[Category:Nuclear bombs of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Soviet nuclear weapons testing]]
[[Category:Cold War history of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1953 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1953 in military history]]
[[Category:Explosions in 1953]]
[[Category:August 1953 events in Asia]]
Go to Source