কালানুক্রমিক বৃত্তান্ত

Zaheen:

[[File:Képes_krónika_első_lapja.jpg|thumb|”[[ক্রোনিকন পিকতুম]]”, একটি “আলোকিত কালানুক্রমিক ইতিবৃত্ত” যা ১৩৫৮ খ্রিস্টাব্দে হাঙ্গেরীয় রাজদরবার থেকে প্রাপ্ত।]]
”’কালানুক্রমিক ইতিবৃত্ত”’ বলতে কালানুক্রমে (অতীত থেকে বর্তমানের দিকে) ধারাবাহিকভাবে বিন্যস্ত ঘটনাসমূহের সরল ঐতিহাসিক বিবরণীকে বোঝায়, যাতে সাধারণত ঐসব ঘটনার কোনও ব্যাখা, টিকা-টিপ্পনী বা বিশ্লেষণ থাকে না। এর রচয়িতাকে ”কালানুক্রমিক ইতিবৃত্তকার” বলে। ঐতিহাসিকভাবে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ঘটনাগুলির পাশাপাশি স্থানীয় ঘটনাবলীও সমান গুরুত্বের সাথে স্থান পায়, কেননা ইতিবৃত্তকারের দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি অনুযায়ী সব ঘটনা লিপিবদ্ধ করাই এর মূল উদ্দেশ্য। এর বিপরীতে চিরায়ত কাহিনী বা ইতিহাসের রচয়িতা তার পছন্দমত ঘটনা বাদ দিতে পারেন, গুরুত্ব দিতে পারেন, প্রাসঙ্গিকতা নির্ধারণ করতে পারেন ও ব্যাখ্যা-বিশ্লেষণ করতে পারেন। সাধারণত গদ্য আকারে লেখা এই ইতিবৃত্তে কোনও জাতি, রাজা, রাজবংশ, প্রতিষ্ঠান (যেমন ধর্মপ্রতিষ্ঠান), ইত্যাদির ইতিহাস অনুসরণ করা হয়।

কালানুক্রমিক ইতিবৃত্তের তথ্যের উৎস বিভিন্ন হতে পারে। কিছু বৃত্তান্ত ইতিবৃত্তকারের প্রত্যক্ষ জ্ঞান থেকে রচিত হতে পারে। অন্যগুলিতে ঘটনার সাক্ষী বা অংশগ্রহণকারীদের থেকে প্রাপ্ত তথ্য ব্যবহার করা হতে পারে। আবার অনেক ইতিবৃত্ত প্রজন্ম থেকে প্রজন্মান্তরে [[কথ্য ঐতিহ্য|কথ্য ঐতিহ্যের]] মাধ্যমে হস্তান্তরিত হতে পারে।<ref name=”MGME19-20″>Elisabeth M. C. Van Houts, ”Memory and Gender in Medieval Europe: 900–1200” (Toronto; Buffalo : University of Toronto Press, 1999), pp. 19–20.</ref> কিছু ইতিবৃত্তে লিখিত উপাদান যেমন সনদ, চিঠিপত্র ও পূর্বতন ইতিবৃত্ত ব্যবহার করা হতে পারে।<ref name=”MGME19-20″/> এর বাইরে আছে অজানা উৎসের এমন সব ইতিবৃত্ত যেগুলি পৌরাণিক মর্যাদা লাভ করেছে।<ref name=”MGME19-20″/> অনেকক্ষেত্রে ইতিবৃত্তের নকলকারীরা সেগুলির সংশোধন করেছেন ও আদি সংস্করণে অনুপস্থিত নতুন কালানুক্রমিক তথ্য সংযোজন করেছেন।<ref name=”MGME19-20″/> তাই কোনও নির্দিষ্ট কালানুক্রমিত ইতিবৃত্তের নির্ভরযোগ্যতা যাচাই করা একজন ইতিহাসবিদের জন্য গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।<ref name=”MGME19-20″/>

পাশ্চাত্য ইতিহাসের গ্রিক ও রোমান পর্ব (যেমন রোমান ”ফাস্তি কোনসুলারেস” বা ”কাপিতোলিনি”) থেকেই এইরূপ কালানুক্রমিক ইতিবৃত্ত লেখার চল ছিল। মধ্যযুগ ও রেনেসঁস পর্বে এসেই কালানুক্রমিক ইতিবৃত্ত রচনা সর্বাধিক বিকাশ লাভ করে। এগুলিকে গদ্য বা পদ্য আকারে লেখা হয়েছিল। যেমন ইংরেজি ভাষায় লেখা সবচেয়ে বিখ্যাত ইতিবৃত্তগুলির একটি হল ”[[অ্যাংলো-স্যাক্সন ক্রনিকল]]” (“ইঙ্গ-স্যাক্সন কালানুক্রমিক ইতিবৃত্ত”), যা খ্রিস্টীয় ৯ম থেকে ১২শ শতক পর্যন্ত রচিত হয়। পরবর্তীতে নাট্যকারেরা এগুলিতে সন্নিবিষ্ট মূল্যবান তথ্যগুলি তাঁদের রচনায় ব্যবহার করেন।

[[কালানুক্রমিক ঘটনাক্রম]] এর কাছাকাছি একটি ধারণা, যেখানে সারণি, তালিকা বা লেখচিত্রের আকারে ঘটনাগুলিকে কালানুক্রমে উপস্থাপন করা হয়। যে কালানুক্রমিক বৃত্তান্তটি বিশ্বের ইতিহাস অনুসরণ করে, তাকে [[বিশ্ব ইতিহাস (বর্গ)|বৈশ্বিক কালানুক্রমিক ইতিবৃত্ত]] বলে। কালানুক্রমিক ইতিবৃত্তগুলিতে গাথা বা মহাকাব্যের মতো গৌরবোজ্জ্বল ইতিহাস লেখা হয় না, বরং ঐতিহাসিক সঠিকতার উপরেই জোর দেওয়া হয়।

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Many [[newspaper]]s and other [[periodical literature]] have adopted “chronicle” as part of their name.
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| quote = “It is well known that history, in the form of Chronicles, was a favourite portion of the literature of the middle ages. The annals of a country were usually kept according to the years of the sovereign’s power, and not those of the Christian æra. The Chronicles compiled in large cities were arranged in like manner, with the years reckoned according to the annual succession of chief magistrates.”
| source = – [[John Gough Nichols]], [[critical edition]] foreword to ”[[Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London]]” (1852)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London : Camden Society (Great Britain) : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive |author= |work=Internet Archive |date= |access-date=18 June 2023 |url= https://archive.org/details/greyfriarsof00camduoft/page/n9/mode/2up}}</ref>
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Scholars categorize the genre of chronicle into two subgroups: live chronicles, and dead chronicles. A ”dead” chronicle is one where the author assembles a list of events up to the time of their writing, but does not record further events as they occur. A ”live” chronicle is where one or more authors add to a chronicle in a regular fashion, recording contemporary events shortly after they occur. Because of the immediacy of the information, historians tend to value live chronicles, such as [[annals]], over dead ones.

The term often refers to a book written by a chronicler in the Middle Ages describing historical events in a country, or the lives of a nobleman or a clergyman, although it is also applied to a record of public events. The earliest medieval chronicle to combine both retrospective (”dead”) and contemporary (”live”) entries, is the [[Chronicle of Ireland]], which spans the years 431 to 911.<ref>Roy Flechner, ‘”The Chronicle of Ireland: Then and Now” ”Early Medieval Europe” v.21:4(2013) 422-54 [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/emed.12025/abstract Article] [[doi:10.1111/emed.12025]]</ref>

Chronicles are the predecessors of modern “[[time line]]s” rather than analytical histories. They represent accounts, in prose or verse, of local or distant events over a considerable period of time, both the lifetime of the individual chronicler and often those of several subsequent [[continuator]]s. If the chronicles deal with events year by year, they are often called [[annal]]s. Unlike the modern historian, most chroniclers tended to take their information as they found it, and made little attempt to separate fact from legend. The point of view of most chroniclers is highly localised, to the extent that many anonymous chroniclers can be sited in individual [[abbey]]s.

It is impossible to say how many chronicles exist, as the many ambiguities in the definition of the genre make it impossible to draw clear distinctions of what should or should not be included. However, the ”[[Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle]]” lists some 2,500 items written between 300 and 1500 AD.

==Citation of entries==
Entries in chronicles are often cited using the abbreviation ”s.a.”, meaning ”sub anno” (under the year), according to the year under which they are listed. For example, “”ASC” MS A, s.a. 855″ means the entry for the year 855 in manuscript A of the ”Anglo-Saxon Chronicle”. The same event may be recorded under a different year in another manuscript of the chronicle, and may be cited for example as “”ASC” MS D, s.a. 857″.

==English chronicles==
The most important [[List of English chronicles|English chronicles]] are the ”[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]”, started under the patronage of King Alfred in the 9th century and continued until the 12th century, and the ”Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland” (1577–87) by [[Raphael Holinshed]] and other writers; the latter documents were important sources of materials for Elizabethan drama.<ref>’A Glossary of Literary Terms’ – M.H. Abrams</ref> Later 16th century Scottish chronicles, written after the [[Scottish Reformation|Reformation]], shape history according to Catholic or Protestant viewpoints.

==Cronista==
A ”’cronista”’ is a term for a historical chronicler, a role that held historical significance in the [[Middle Ages|European Middle Ages]]. Until the European [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], the occupation was largely equivalent to that of a historian, describing events chronologically that were of note in a given country or region. As such, it was often an official governmental position rather than an independent practice. The appointment of the official chronicler often favored individuals who had distinguished themselves by their efforts to study, investigate and disseminate [[population]]-related issues. The position was granted on a local level based on the mutual agreements of a city council in plenary meetings. Often, the occupation was honorary, unpaid, and stationed for life. In modern usage, the term usually refers to a type of [[journalist]] who writes chronicles as a form of [[journalism]] or non-professional historical documentation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dadson|first=Trevor J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UW-D822uBMC&q=Cronista+spain&pg=PA51|title=The Genoese in Spain: Gabriel Bocángel Y Unzueta, 1603-1658 : a Biography|date=1983|publisher=Tamesis|isbn=978-0-7293-0161-9|language=es}}</ref>

===Cronista in the Middle Ages===
Before the development of modern journalism and the systematization of chronicles as a journalistic genre, cronista were tasked with narrating chronological events considered worthy of remembrance that were recorded year by year. Unlike writers who created [[Epic Poetry|epic poems]] regarding living figures, cronista recorded historical events in the lives of individuals in an ostensibly truthful and reality-oriented way. {{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}
Even from the time of early Christian historiography, cronistas were clearly expected to place human history in the context of a linear progression, starting with the creation of man until the [[Second Coming|second coming of Christ]], as prophesied in [[The Bible|biblical texts]].<ref>Richard W. Burgess, Studies in Eusebian and post-Eusebian Chronography, Stuttgart (1999).</ref>

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== Lists of chronicles ==
* [[Babylonian Chronicles]] (loosely-defined set of 25 clay tablets)
* [[Burmese chronicles]]
* [[Cambodian Royal Chronicles]] (loosely-defined collection)
* [[List of collections of Crusader sources]] (most of them chronicles)
* [[List of Danish chronicles]]
* [[List of English chronicles]]
* [[Muslim chronicles for Indian history]]
* [[Chronicles of Nepal]]
* [[Rus’ chronicle#List of Rus’ chronicles|List of Rus’ chronicles]]
* [[Serbian chronicles]]

=== Alphabetical list of notable chronicles ===
{{more citations needed|section|date=June 2023}}
{{original research|section|date=June 2023}}
{{dynamic list}}
[[File:Archive-ugent-be-2A0E426C-68E4-11E8-87FC-F6DB0AD9BE4D DS-21 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Chronicles of Flanders. Manuscript manufactured in Flanders, 2nd half of the 15th century. Manuscript preserved in the University Library of Ghent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kroniek van Vlaanderen, van de aanvang tot 1467|url=https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:2A0E426C-68E4-11E8-87FC-F6DB0AD9BE4D#?c=&m=&s=&cv=9&xywh=-798,-1,7695,4297|access-date=2020-08-24|website=lib.ugent.be}}</ref>]]
*”[[History of Alam Aray Abbasi]]” – [[Safavid dynasty]]
*”[[Alamgirnama]]” – [[Mughal Empire]]
*”[[Altan Tobchi]]” – [[Mongol Empire]]
*”[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]” – [[History of the British Isles|England]]
* ”[[Annales Bertiniani]]” – [[West Francia]]
*”[[Annales Cambriae]]” – [[History of Wales|Wales]]
*”[[Annales Posonienses]]” – [[Kingdom of Hungary]]
*”[[Annales seu cronicae incliti Regni Poloniae]]” – [[History of Poland|Poland]]
*”[[Annals of Inisfallen]]” – [[History of Ireland|Ireland]]
*”[[Annals of Lough Cé]]” – [[History of Ireland|Ireland]]
*”[[Annals of the Four Masters]]” – [[History of Ireland|Ireland]]
*”[[Annals of Spring and Autumn]]” – [[History of China|China]]
*”[[Annals of Thutmose III]]” – [[Ancient Egypt]]
*”[[The Annals of the Choson Dynasty]]” – [[History of Korea|Korea]]
*”[[Babylonian Chronicles]]” – [[History of Mesopotamia|Mesopotamia]]
*”[[Anonymous Bulgarian Chronicle]]” – [[History of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
*”[[Bodhi Vamsa]]” – [[History of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]
*”[[Books of Chronicles]]” attributed to [[Ezra]] – [[Israel]]
*”[[Buranji]]” – [[Ahoms]], [[History of Assam|Assam]], India
*”[[Cāmadevivaṃsa]]” – [[Lan Na|Northern Thailand]]
*”[[Culavamsa]]” – [[History of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]
*(”[[Chronica Polonorum]]”): see {{Lang|la|[[Gesta principum Polonorum]]}}
*”[[Cheitharol Kumbaba]]” – [[Cheitharol Kumbaba|Manipur]], India
*”[[Chronica Gentis Scotorum]]”
*”[[Chronica Hungarorum]]” – [[History of Hungary]]
*”[[Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae]]” – [[History of Poland|Poland]]
*”[[Chronicle of Muntaner|Chronicle (Crònica)]] by [[Ramon Muntaner]]” – 13th/14th-century [[Crown of Aragon]]. Third and longest of the Grand Catalan Chronicles.
*”[[Chronicle of Finland]]” (”Chronicon Finlandiae”) by [[Johannes Messenius]] – [[History of Finland|Finland]]
*”[[Chronicon Slavorum|Chronicle of the Slavs]]” – [[History of Europe|Europe]]
*”[[Chronicle of Greater Poland]]” – [[History of Poland during the Piast dynasty|Poland]]
*”[[Chronicle (Jean de Venette)|Chronicle of Jean de Venette]]” – [[History of France|France]]
*”[[Chronicle of the Bishops of England]]” (”De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum”) by [[William of Malmesbury]]
*”[[Chronicle of the Kings of England]]” (”De Gestis Regum Anglorum”) by [[William of Malmesbury]]
*[[Chronicon (Eusebius)|”Chronicon” of Eusebius]]
*”[[Chronicon Scotorum]]” – [[History of Ireland|Ireland]]
*[[Thietmar of Merseburg|”Chronicon” of Thietmar of Merseburg]]
*”[[Chronicon Pictum]]” – [[History of Hungary]]
*”[[Chronographia (Psellos)|Chronographia]]” – 11th century [[History of the Eastern Roman Empire]] (Byzantium) by [[Michael Psellos]]
*”[[Comentarios Reales de los Incas]]”
*”[[Conversion of Kartli (chronicle)|Conversion of Kartli]]” – [[History of Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
*[[Chronicle Machairas|Cronaca]]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Machairas, Leontios|doi=10.1163/9789004184640_emc_sim_01737}}</ref>- Chronicle of Cyprus from the 4th up to the 15th century by [[Greek Cypriots|Cypriot]] chronicler [[Leontios Machairas]]
*”[[Cronaca fiorentina]]” – Chronicle of Florence up to the end of the 14th Century by [[Baldassarre Bonaiuti]]
*”[[Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum]]” – [[History of Poland|Poland]]
*”[[Croyland Chronicle]]” – [[History of England|England]]
*”[[The Dawn-Breakers|Dawn-Breakers (Nabil’s Narrative)]]” – [[Baháʼí Faith]] and [[Middle East]]
*”[[Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja|Dioclean Priest’s Chronicle]]” – [[History of Europe|Europe]]
*”[[Dipavamsa]]” – [[History of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]
*”[[Divan of the Abkhazian Kings]]” – [[History of Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
*”[[Epitome rerum Hungarorum]]” – [[History of Hungary]]
*”[[Eric Chronicles]]” – [[History of Sweden|Sweden]]
*”[[Chronicon (Eusebius)|Eusebius Chronicle]]” – [[History of the Mediterranean region|Mediterranean]] and [[Ancient Near East|Middle East]]
*”[[Fragmentary Annals of Ireland]]” – [[History of Ireland|Ireland]]
*”[[Froissart’s Chronicles]]” – [[History of France|France]] and [[History of Europe|Western Europe]]
*”[[Galician-Volhynian Chronicle]]” – [[History of Ukraine|Ukraine]]
*”[[Georgian Chronicles]]” – [[History of Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
*”[[Gesta Hungarorum]]” – [[History of Hungary]]
*”[[Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum]]” – [[History of Hungary]]
*”[[Gesta Normannorum Ducum]]” – [[History of Normandy|Normandy]]
*{{Lang|la|[[Gesta principum Polonorum]]}}
*”[[Grandes Chroniques de France]]” – [[History of France|France]]
*”[[General Estoria]] by [[Alfonso X]]” – c. 1275-1284 [[Castile (historical region)|Castile]], [[Spain]].
*”[[Chronicle of Henry of Livonia|Henry of Livona Chronicle]]” – [[History of Europe|Eastern Europe]]
*”[[Orderic Vitalis#The Historia Ecclesiastica|Historia Ecclesiastica]]” – [[History of England|Norman England]]
* ”[[Historia Scholastica]]” by [[Petrus Comestor]] – 12th century [[France]]
* ”The Historie and Chronicles of Scotland”, [[Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie]]
*”[[História da Província Santa Cruz a que vulgarmente chamamos Brasil]]” – [[History of Brazil|Brazil]]
*”[[History of the Prophets and Kings]]” – [[History of the Middle East|Middle East]] and [[History of the Mediterranean region|Mediterranean]]
*”[[Hustyn Chronicle]]” – [[History of Europe|Eastern Europe]]
*”[[Jami’ al-tawarikh]]” by [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]] – [[Universal history (genre)|Universal history]]
*”[[Jans der Enikel]]” – [[History of Europe|Europe]] and [[History of the Mediterranean region|Mediterranean]]
*”[[Chronicon (Jerome)|Jerome’s Chronicle]]” – [[History of the Mediterranean region|Mediterranean]] and [[Ancient Near East|Middle East]]
*”[[Jinakalamali]]” – [[Lan Na|Northern Thailand]]
*”[[Joannis de Czarnkow chronicon Polonorum]]” – [[History of Poland|Poland]]
*”[[Kaiserchronik]]” – [[Holy Roman Empire|Central and southern Europe, Germany]]
*”[[Kano Chronicle]]” – [[History of Nigeria|Nigeria]]
*”[[Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh]]” by Sujan Rai – [[History of India]]
*”[[Khwaday-Namag]]” – [[History of Persia]]
*”[[Kojiki]]” – [[History of Japan|Japan]]
*”[[Chronicon Lethrense|Lethrense Chronicle]]” – [[History of Denmark|Denmark]]
*”[[Llibre dels fets|Libre dels Feyts]]” – Book of the Deeds by [[James I of Aragon]], first of the Grand Catalan Chronicles
*”[[Madala Panji]]” – Chronicle of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] in [[Puri, India]], related to the [[History of Odisha]]
*”[[Mahavamsa]]” – [[History of Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]
*”[[Maronite Chronicle]]” – [[Levant|The Levant]], anonymous [[Annals|annalistic]] chronicle in the [[Syriac language]] completed shortly after 664.
*”[[Manx Chronicle]]” – [[History of the Isle of Man|Isle of Man]]
*”[[Nabonidus Chronicle]]” – [[Mesopotamia]]
*”[[Nihon Shoki]]” – [[History of Japan|Japan]]
*”[[Nuova Cronica]]” – [[Florence]]
*”[[Nuremberg Chronicle]]”
*”[[Chronicon Paschale|Paschale Chronicle]]” – [[History of the Mediterranean region|Mediterranean]]
*”[[Primary Chronicle]]” – [[History of Europe|Eastern Europe]]
*”[[Puranas]]” – [[History of India|India]]
*”[[Rajatarangini]]” – [[History of Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmir]]
*”Roit and Quheil of Tyme” – [[History of Scotland|Scotland]], [[Adam Abell]]
*”[[Chronicon Roskildense|Roskildense Chronicle]]” – [[History of Denmark|Denmark]]
*”[[Royal Frankish Annals]]” – [[Frankish Empire]]
*”[[Scotichronicon]]” – by the [[Scotland|Scottish]] historian [[Walter Bower]]
*”[[Shahnama-yi-Al-i Osman]]” by [[Fethullah Arifi Çelebi]] – [[Ottoman empire]] (1300 ac – the end of Sultan [[Suleyman I]]’s reign) which is the fifth volume of it [[Süleymanname]]
*”[[Skibby Chronicle]]” – Danish Latin chronicle from the 1530s
*”[[Swiss illustrated chronicles]]” – [[History of Switzerland|Switzerland]]
*”[[Timbuktu Chronicles]]” – [[History of Mali|Mali]]
*”[[Zizhi Tongjian]]” – [[History of China|China]]
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==আরও দেখুন==
* [[Books of Chronicles]]
* [[Medieval Chronicle Society]]
–>
==তথ্যসূত্র==
{{সূত্র তালিকা}}

==বহিঃসংযোগ==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Chronicle |volume=6 |last1= Bémont |first1= Charles |author1-link= Charles Bémont | pages = 298–299 |short=1}}
{{Historiography}}{{Time Topics}}
{{Chronology}}

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