ইউরেনিয়াম হাইড্রাইড বোমা

Anupom Nath:

”’ইউরেনিয়াম হাইড্রাইড বোমা”’, ১৯৩৯ সালে [[রবার্ট ওপেনহেইমার]] দ্বারা প্রথম প্রস্তাবিত [[পারমাণবিক অস্ত্র|পারমাণবিক বোমার]] একটি বৈকল্পিক নকশা এবং [[এডওয়ার্ড টেলার]] দ্বারা সমর্থন ও পরীক্ষা করা হয়েছিল।<ref name=”upshot”>[http://www.nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Upshotk.html Operation Upshot-Knothole]</ref> এটি একটি ইউরেনিয়াম-ডিউটেরিয়াম সিরামিক কমপ্যাক্টে নিউট্রন মডারেটর হিসাবে [[ডিউটেরিয়াম|হাইড্রোজেনের]] একটি [[হাইড্রোজেন|আইসোটোপ]] ডিউটেরিয়াম ব্যবহার করেছে। অন্যান্য সমস্ত ফিশন-ভিত্তিক অস্ত্রের ধরন থেকে ভিন্ন, ধারণাটি ধীর [[নিউক্লীয় বিভাজন|পারমাণবিক বিভাজনের]] একটি [[শিকল বিক্রিয়া|চেইন বিক্রিয়ার]] উপর নির্ভর করে ( নিউট্রন তাপমাত্রা দেখুন)। নিউট্রনের ঠাণ্ডা হওয়ার কারণে বোমার কার্যকারিতা বিরূপভাবে প্রভাবিত হয়েছিল কারণ পরবর্তীটি প্রতিক্রিয়াটি বিলম্বিত করে, যেমনটি রব সার্বার তার ১৯৯২ সালের মূল ”লস আলামোস প্রাইমারের” এক্সটেনশনে বর্ণনা করেছিলেন।<ref name=”serber”>{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|শিরোনাম=The Los Alamos Primer: The First Lectures on How To Build an Atomic Bomb|শেষাংশ=Serber|প্রথমাংশ=Robert|তারিখ=1992}}</ref>

এই ধরনের অস্ত্রের জন্য হাইড্রাইড শব্দটি খোলা সাহিত্যে ভুল বোঝাবুঝির বিষয় হয়েছে। যদিও “[[হাইড্রাইড]]” ভুলভাবে বোঝাতে পারে যে ব্যবহৃত আইসোটোপটি হাইড্রোজেন, শুধুমাত্র ডিউটেরিয়াম বোমা পিটগুলির জন্য ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে। নামকরণটি “হাইড্রোজেন বোমা” শব্দটির অনুরূপভাবে ব্যবহৃত হয়, যেখানে পরবর্তীটি ডিউটেরিয়াম এবং মাঝে মাঝে ট্রিটিয়াম ব্যবহার করে।<ref name=”swordsoarI”>{{বই উদ্ধৃতি|ইউআরএল=http://www.uscoldwar.com|শিরোনাম=Swords of Armageddon|শেষাংশ=Hansen|প্রথমাংশ=Chuck|তারিখ=1995|সংগ্রহের-তারিখ=2016-12-28}}</ref>

দুটি ইউরেনিয়াম ডিউটারাইড জ্বালানী বোমা পরীক্ষা করা হয়েছে বলে জানা যায়, অপারেশন আপশট-নথোলের সময় ”রুথ” এবং ”রে” টেস্ট শট। উভয় পরীক্ষায় ২০০ টন টিএনটি তুলনীয় ফলন পাওয়া গেছে, এবং এটি ফিজল হিসাবে বিবেচিত হয়েছিল। <ref name=”upshot”>[http://www.nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Upshotk.html Operation Upshot-Knothole]</ref><ref name=”globalsecurity”>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/systems/w48.htm W48] – globalsecurity.org</ref> অন্যান্য সমস্ত পারমাণবিক অস্ত্র কর্মসূচিগুলো তাদের অস্ত্রের নকশায় দ্রুত নিউট্রনের উপর নির্ভর করে।

[[File:RUTH_test_tower_1953-03-31.jpg|থাম্ব|”রুথ” পরীক্ষার জন্য স্তব্ধ টাওয়ার। বিস্ফোরণটি টেস্টিং টাওয়ারকে সমতল করতে ব্যর্থ হয়েছে, শুধুমাত্র এটি কিছুটা ক্ষতিগ্রস্ত হয়েছে।]]

==তত্ত্ব এবং ধারণা==
During early phases of [[Manhattan Project]], in 1943, uranium deuteride{{refn|group=Note|The unclassified name was “Manticore” as seen from Francis, ”Warhead Politics”.}} was investigated as a promising bomb material; it was abandoned by early 1944 as it turned out such design would be inefficient.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VAwAAAAAMBAJ&q=%22uranium+hydride%22&pg=PA2|page=2|title=Lying well|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |date= July 1994|access-date=2010-02-07|volume=50|issue=4|doi=10.1080/00963402.1994.11456528|bibcode=1994BuAtS..50d…2M|last1=Moore|first1=Mike}}
</ref> The “autocatalytic” design that emerged from this early research was “Elmer”, the discontinued radial-implosion Mark 2 weapon. It made use of uranium deuteride particles coated with paraffin (to reduce the [[pyrophoricity]] of UD₃) and boron-10 carbide (B₄C) wax distributed uniformly throughout the solid core.{{refn|group=Note|The distribution of boron-10 was apparently more useful,<ref name=”swordsoarI”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=I |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|260}} and it did away with the earlier and cumbersome “Boron Bubble” scheme.<ref name=”serber”>{{cite book |author-link=Robert Serber |first=Robert |last=Serber |title=The Los Alamos Primer: The First Lectures on How To Build an Atomic Bomb |date=1992}}</ref>}} A composite lead and B₄C tamper was envisioned, with about 10.5 kg of active material (i.e. UD₃) in one version, and a BeO tamper with 8.45 kg of active material in another.<ref name=”swordsoarI”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=I |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>

The heavy hydrogen (deuterium) in [[uranium deuteride]] (UD₃) or [[plutonium hydride|plutonium deuteride]] (PuD₃) moderates (slows down) the neutrons, thereby increasing the [[nuclear cross section]] for [[neutron absorption]]. The result should have been a lower required [[critical mass]], concordantly reducing the amount of pure [[uranium-235|²³⁵U]] or [[plutonium-239|²³⁹Pu]] needed for a weapon explosion.<ref name=”Critical Assembly”>{{cite book
|last=Hoddeson
|first=Lillian
|author2=Paul W. Henriksen |display-authors=etal
|title= Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943-1945
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoTve97yYB8C&q=autocatalytic+%22uranium+hydride%22&pg=PA181
|format=Google Books
|access-date=December 15, 2008
|year=2004
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-54117-4
}}</ref> At the same time, due to the moderating effect of deuterium,<ref name=”serber”>{{cite book |author-link=Robert Serber |first=Robert |last=Serber |title=The Los Alamos Primer: The First Lectures on How To Build an Atomic Bomb |date=1992}}</ref> the compression requirements are (at least in principle) relaxed somewhat, which would permit assembly of additional fissile material in the core, as well as a radial-implosion assembly, which was much simpler and compact than the one destined for the [[Mark 3 nuclear bomb|MK 3]].<ref name=”swordsoarI”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=I |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref> In reality the result was that the slower neutrons delayed the reaction time too much by reducing the number of fission generations accomplished; especially as the core expanded to reach its snowplow region (where all nuclear reactions cease), more neutrons could escape from the turbulent surface of the core, and before enough energy (for military applications) could be produced. In all, neutron moderation sharply reduced the efficiency of the weapon before the [[inertia|inertial]] confinement failed.<ref name=”Critical Assembly” /><ref name=”serber”>{{cite book |author-link=Robert Serber |first=Robert |last=Serber |title=The Los Alamos Primer: The First Lectures on How To Build an Atomic Bomb |date=1992}}</ref> It was realised that the end result would be a fizzle instead of full-scale detonation of the device. The predicted energy yield was around {{convert|1|ktTNT|abbr=on}},<ref>[http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Upshotk.html Operation Upshot-Knothole] (Nuclear Weapon Archive)</ref> if the core operated as originally expected; the first rough estimate for the behaviour of the “hydride” bomb appeared in 1944, when [[James B. Conant|James Conant]] forecasted that 1 kt of energy would be obtained from about 9 kg of UD₃.<ref name=”con”>{{cite book |author-link=James Bryant Conant |first=James |last=Conant |title=Findings to Trip to L.A. 1944 |date=1944}}</ref>

Post [[World War II|war]], [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|Los Alamos]] physicists continued research on the subject at low priority; while a Monte-Carlo simulation in December 1949<ref name=”swordsoarI”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=I |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref> showed that the core could in principle work and result in a weapon considerably smaller than the [[Mark 5 nuclear bomb|MK 5]], strong skepticism arose as the inherently low efficiency of the fuel would not improve even remotely as theoretically envisioned when a hollow core and boosting were incorporated, and a proposed test of such a core in an [[Mark 4 nuclear bomb|MK 4]] high-explosive assembly was ultimately stricken from the preliminary shot schedule of operation [[Operation Greenhouse|Greenhouse]].<ref name=”swordsoarI”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=I |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>

[[File:Gamow-Elsie-and-Elmer.jpg|thumb|upright|A cartoon by [[George Gamow]] showing the MK 2 “Elmer” and the MK 8 “Elsie” weapons, depicting the MK 2 (the “good fellow”) as ”clumsy and unattractive”.]]

==ইউসিআরএল পরীক্ষা==
[[File:Operation Upshot-Knothole – Ruth – Detonation.ogv|frame|Film of the ”Ruth” detonation.]]Skepticism from Los Alamos notwithstanding, [[Edward Teller]] remained interested in the concept, and he and [[Ernest Lawrence]] experimented with such devices in the early 1950s at the UCRL, ([[University of California Radiation Laboratory]], later [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]). Optimism in the new lab prompted UCRL to even propose a class of such “small weapons” making use of the material, dubbing it as the “Geode”. The “Geode”-type devices would be compact, linear (two-point) implosion, gas-boosted fission weapons using hollow [[spheroidal]] metallic uranium, or partially (“slightly”) moderated cores, where a metallic uranium or plutonium shell was lined internally with UD₃{{refn|group=Note|hence the name geodes, which usually consist of spheroidal cavities lined internally with crystals.<ref name=”swordsoarIV”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=IV |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|213}}}} producing yields of the order of 10 kt. Applications for this class of devices would be tactical nuclear weapons, as well as primaries for compact thermonuclear systems.<ref name=”upshot”>[http://www.nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Upshotk.html Operation Upshot-Knothole]</ref> The “Geodes” were essentially forerunners of the [[Swan (nuclear primary)|”Swan”]] and its derivatives (like the “Swift” and “Swallow” devices).{{refn|group=Note|The names of the devices all followed the initials of Small Weapons.<ref name=”swordsoarIV”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=IV |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|50}}}}<ref name=”swordsoarIV”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=IV |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|6}}

Two test devices were fielded in 1953 as part of operation Upshot–Knothole. The principal aim of the [[University of California Radiation Laboratory]] designs was a preliminary<ref name=”swordsoarIII”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=III |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|202}} ”nucleonics investigation” for a spherical deuterated polyethylene charge containing uranium deuteride<ref name=”herk”>{{cite book |author-link=Gregg Herken |first=Gregg |last=Herken |title=Brotherhood of the Bomb |url=https://archive.org/details/brotherhoodofbom0000herk |url-access=registration |date=2003}}</ref>{{refpage|chap 15}} as a candidate thermonuclear fuel for the “Radiator”, an early incarnation of the [[Mark 22 nuclear bomb|”Morgenstern”]].<ref name=”swordsoarIII”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=III |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|203}} It was hoped that deuterium would fuse (become an active medium) in the secondary’s core if compressed appropriately through radiation implosion. The fuel was selected so that UCRL’s thermonuclear program would not compete with LASL’s on scarce materials at the time, specifically [[lithium]].{{refn|group=Note|The idea of cheap thermonuclear fuels was pursued by UCRL with the design of the “Water Boiler”, a primitive type of two-stage thermonuclear gadgets and an early design concept of the “Radiator”, that would use heavy water solutions of [[uranyl fluoride]]. They were essentially transferred from LASL to UCRL and follow-up investigations to experiments from 1952 conducted in LASL on behalf of Teller, and shortly before the latter’s departure from LASL to the newly fledged UCRL.<ref name=”swordsoarIII”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=III |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|207}}}}<ref name=”swordsoarIII”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=III |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|24}} If successful, the devices could also lead to a compact primary containing minimal amount of fissile material, and powerful enough to ignite Ramrod<ref name=”swordsoarIII”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=III |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|149}} the other [[thermonuclear weapon|Mark 22 nuclear bomb]] prototype designed by UCRL at the time. For a hydride-type primary, the degree of compression would not make deuterium to fuse, thus the design would be essentially a pure fission weapon, not a boosted one.<ref name=”swordsoarI”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=I |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|258}} The devices themselves as tested in [[Operation Upshot-Knothole|Upshot-Knothole]] were experimental systems, not weapon prototypes, and were not designed to be used as weapons, or thermonuclear primaries.<ref name=”swordsoarIII”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=III |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|202}} The [[Pit (nuclear weapon)|cores]] consisted of a mix of [[uranium deuteride]] (UD₃),<ref name=”swordsoarIII”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=III |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|202}} powder-compacted with deuterated polyethylene. No boron was used. The cores tested in [[Operation Upshot-Knothole|Upshot-Knothole]] used different “mix” (or enrichment) of uranium moderated by [[deuterium]].<ref name=”swordsoarI”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=I |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|260}} The predicted [[Nuclear weapon yield|yield]] was 1.5 to 3 kt for ”Ruth” (with a maximum potential yield of 20 kt<ref name=”swordsoarVII”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=VII |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|96}}) and 0.5-1 kt for ”Ray”. The tests produced yields of about 200 [[tons of TNT]] each; both tests were considered to be [[fizzle (nuclear test)|fizzles]].<ref name=”NWA2″>Carey Sublette. “[http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Upshotk.html Operation Upshot-Knothole 1953 – Nevada Proving Ground].” ”Nuclear Weapon Archive.” Retrieved on 2008-05-04.</ref>

”Ruth”, which used deuterium and enriched uranium in a solid spherical pit with a natural uranium tamper, was the first device almost-entirely designed at Livermore; it was fired on March 31, 1953 at 05:00 local time (13:00 GMT) at [[Mercury, Nevada]]. The explosive device, “Hydride I”,{{refn|group=Note|The unclassified name was “Basilisk I” as seen from Francis, ”Warhead Politics”<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/*/https://www.minutemanmissile.com/documents/* page 2 of archive listing of pdfs. Page 69 of ”warhead politics”.]</ref>.}} used a [[Mark 6 nuclear bomb|MK-6]] HE assembly made of Composition B and Baratol explosive lenses,<ref name=”swordsoarVII”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=VII |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|198}} and an XMC-305 [[betatron]] was provided for initiation through [[photofission]],<ref name=”swordsoarVII”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=VII |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|96}} weighed {{convert|7400|lb|kg|abbr=on}} and was {{convert|56|in|cm|abbr=out}} in diameter and {{convert|66|in|cm|abbr=out}} long. The nuclear system weighed {{convert|6750|lb|kg|abbr=on}}. Defying the 1.5–3 kt predictions, its actual yield was only 200 tons. Wally Decker, a young Laboratory engineer, characterized the sound the shot made as “pop.” The device failed to “automatically declassify” its test site, where the lower {{convert|100|ft|m|abbr=on}} of the {{convert|300|ft|m|abbr=out|adj=on}} testing tower remained intact, the middle third scattered across the test area and only the upper third vaporized.<ref name=”NWA2″>Carey Sublette. “[http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Upshotk.html Operation Upshot-Knothole 1953 – Nevada Proving Ground].” ”Nuclear Weapon Archive.” Retrieved on 2008-05-04.</ref>

The second device, tested in the ”Ray” event, used deuterium and a different concentration of enriched uranium in its solid spherical pit.<ref name=”swordsoarVII”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=VII |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|98}} The device was called “Hydride II”,{{refn|group=Note|The unclassified name was “Basilisk II” as seen from Francis, ”Warhead Politics”.}} and it also used a [[Mark 6 nuclear bomb|MK-6]] HE assembly<ref name=”swordsoarVII”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=VII |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|198}}; it was likewise initiated by an XMC-305 betatron fired at known time.<ref name=”swordsoarVII”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=VII |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|96}} Being a sister device to “Hydride I”, the “Hydride II” device only had a different pit “fuel” mix, and shared the same dimensions and weight with the ”Ruth” test device.<ref name=”swordsoarVII”>{{cite book |author-link=Chuck Hansen |first=Chuck |last=Hansen |title=Swords of Armageddon |volume=VII |date=1995 |url=http://www.uscoldwar.com |access-date=2016-12-28}}</ref>{{refpage|96}} It was fired in a cab, atop a {{convert|100|ft|m|abbr=out|adj=on}} tower on April 11, 1953. Although shot Ray leveled its tower, the yield was a meager 220 tons;<ref name=”OpUKSum”>{{cite book |title=Operation Upshot-Knothole Summary Report of the Technical Director |date=1953 |url=https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults/titleDetail/PB97112866.xhtml |access-date=2019-02-17}}</ref>{{refpage|101}} while it did better than ”Ruth”, the yield was still about a tenth of the predicted 0.5–1 kt value.

==তথ্যসূত্র==
{{সূত্র তালিকা}}

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